Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is prone to populist tendencies. It is still healthier than was expected.
The country is in search of an innovative development paradigm. A Confucian culture that stresses respect for the ancestors and gendered family relationships continues to influence the way we live. But there are signs that a secularist culture is gaining ground.
Origins
In the prehistoric era the ancestors of modern Koreans lived by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to grow crops like millet and beans. They also raised livestock and even made furs. They created tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also established an industry of metalworking, making bronze tools, and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced Celadon papermaking block printing art styles, and writing to Japan.
Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state embraced Chinese culture, including Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this period the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical state with the monarch and top officials came from the aristocracy of the land, while the rest of the population were peasants. The state collected taxes from these people and sometimes even forced them to serve in the army or build fortifications.
By the end of this period the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. This new kingdom expanded its territory to the southwest of the peninsula and fought with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the area. Baekje adopted Confucian ideas in its state beliefs system in 1390 CE, and established the male-centric notion of filiopiety into a doctrine. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were responsible to their families. They were expected to be obeyed by everyone and admired by even their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, a nation that was ruled from 918 to 1392 CE, gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based on the patterns created by the mouth when pronouncing. This greatly improved communication and led to an increase in the writing of Buddhist text. In addition, movable metal type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was improved. It was during this time that the Samguk sagi or 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE.
The evolution of Korea
The Korean peninsula has been inhabited since Neolithic times. The earliest evidence for human settlements is evident in the form of graves lined with stones, with precious goods such as amazonite jewellery being buried along with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, and made of large stones in a single piece, are common in the country.
In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognizable political state. The peninsula was ruled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCbetween 635 and 57 BC CE) including Baekje Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. Moreover, the northern region of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which many historians don't consider to be a valid Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Of them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all, but its dynasty ended when Goguryeo was defeated in 676 CE leaving Baekje with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy flourished for a short time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to work together in order to expand their territories. Silla with the aid of the Chinese eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935.
As Korea is entering a post-crisis period the way it develops appears to be changing. Those who are appalled by the immense cost of the old system are urging a thorough program of liberalization of capital, labor, and product markets. On the other hand, supporters of the old system are seeking to preserve it by leveraging nationalist sentiments and exaggerating fears about job losses.
The academic and policy analysts remain in a tense debate about the extent to the extent that these two trends are driving Koreas evolution towards a new model of economic governance. This article examines developments to date by analyzing five phases of the country's political evolution that include democratic illiberalism (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and democratic participation (2002 to present). This article also identifies some significant factors that may be influencing these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made significant progress in promoting their beliefs to this group. A survey in 2009 revealed that nearly three-quarters of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those, 41% claimed that there was not enough evidence from science to support the theory; 39% said the theory was in contradiction to their religious beliefs and 17% claimed it was difficult to grasp. This level of disbelief is comparable to that of the United States, where a similar number of people are not convinced that humans evolved from less advanced species of life.
In the past, the majority of the anti-evolution movements in Korea was focused on educating college students and leading them to Christ. In 1980 an all-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the keynote speakers. This event drew a large audience of scientists, professors, and church leaders.
The success of this event led to the establishment of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31, 1981. The event was widely covered in national newspapers including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR started publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In it, the organization published its own activities and published articles about scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated slides and film strips from ICR and also some books on creationism which were already published outside of Korea. KACR members lectured throughout the nation in universities and churches.
One instance of a KACR success story took place at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at the KAIST university in Seoul were so fascinated by creationism that they raised money and got support to build a small creationist museum on campus.
In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine, CREATION. The magazine covers a variety of topics in the field of creation science. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established an organization of local branch offices that give talks and seminars to schoolchildren and other community groups.
The evolution of South Korea
In the late 19th century and into the early 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts and other style elements from overseas. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern rock and roll and jazz. During this period the samulnori, or the masked dance-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and different musical instruments.
Korea's new model of development is being formed in the wake of the economic crisis. The primary challenge for the new regime is to strike the right balance between market-oriented and state-led policies. It also requires a change in the incentives, monitoring, and disciplining strategies that have created the pre-crisis system. These issues are covered in Chapters 3 & 4.
The Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by the people who lived along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other regions, as well as immigrants from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. 에볼루션 슬롯 meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanderies on the border.
The fall of Silla in the 8th and early 9th centuries saw strong local factions to emerge. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as the capital. He ruled a portion of the present-day Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo.
However the rule of his was short-lived. After Gungye was defeated by a powerful local leader Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935, Later Baekje was peacefully integrated into Goryeo as a successor state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the centrally-run system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. The Korean peninsula was then under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually developed into powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.